1. Kalimat yang mengandung subject, verb, complement dan
modifier :
·
Subjek adalah bagian dari kalimat dalam kaliamt aktif,
Subjek adalah orang atau benda yang melakukan tindakan, dan subjek biasanya
mendahului kata kerja.
·
Verb adalah Predikat mengikuti subjek, pada umumnya
menunjukkan suatu tindakan.
·
Complement adalah Sebuah kata pelengkap melengkapi
kata kerja. Hal ini mirip dengan subjek karena biasanya berupa kata benda,
Namun, kata pelengkap pada umumnya mengikuti verba dalam kalimat aktif.
·
Modifier adalah Kata keterangan menerangkan
waktu, tempat atau cara tindakan.
Example :
Ø Sari and
Anto ate a burger last night. (Sari dan Anto makan burger tadi malam)
Keterangan :
Sari and Anto = Subjek, Ate= Verb, Burger = Complement,
Last night = Modifier.
Ø Yoga Should
have bought gasoline yesterday (Yoga Harus membeli bensin kemarin
).
Keterangan :
Yoga = Subjek, Should have bought = Verb, Gasoline =
Complement, Yesterday = Modifier
Ø We studied
grammar last week ( Kami mempelajari tata
bahasa pekan
lalu )
Keterangan :
We = Subjek, Studied = Verb, Grammar = Complement,
Last week = Modifier
2. Kalimat tenses,
present, future dan past
Ø
Present Tense
- Simple Present Tense ( Tenses ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran esensial yang terjadi dimasa sekarang ).
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1
Subject (S) (He,
She, It) + Verb 1 (s/es)
(-) Subject
(S) (I, You, They, We ) + do + not + Verb 1
Subject (S) (He,
She, It) + Does + not + Verb 1
(?) Do + Subject
(S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1?
Does + Subject
(S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1?
Contoh:
(+) He studies English everynight.
(+) He studies English everynight.
(-) He does not study English everynight.
(?) Does he
study English everynight?
- Present Continous Tense (Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini atau sedang berlangsung)
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + Verb 1-ing
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He,
She, It) + to be (is) + Verb 1-ing
(-)
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + to be (am/are) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject (S) (He,
She, It) + to be (is) + not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be
(am/are) + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing
To be (is) +
Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Contoh:
(+) She is eating a cake
Contoh:
(+) She is eating a cake
(-) She is not eating a cake
(?) Is she
eating a cake?
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense (digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang dimulai di masa lalu dan terus dilakukan sampai sekarang)
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + been + Verb-ing
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + been + Verb-ing
Subject
(S) (He, She, It) + has + been + Verb-ing
(-)
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + have + not + been + Verb-ing
Subject
(S) (He, She, It) + has + not + been + Verb-ing
(?) Have +
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We ) + been + Verb-ing?Has + Subject (S) (He, She,
It) + been + Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) Sean have been sleeping for 3 hours
(+) Sean have been sleeping for 3 hours
(-) Sean have not been sleeping for 3 hours
(?) Have Sean
been sleeping for 3 hours?
Ø PAST TENSE
· Simple Past digunakan untuk menyatan fakta atau kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau. Masa lampau bisa berarti 5 menit yang lalu, sejam yang lalu, sehari yang lalu, dst. Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja bentuk kedua, bisa berupa regular verbs atau irregular verbs.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You,
They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 2
(-) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + did + not + Verb 1
(?) Did + Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It ) + Verb 1?
Contoh:
(+) They played basketball lastnight.
(-) They did not play basketball lastnight.
(?) Did they play basketball lastnight?
·
Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan
ketika kita berada di tengah-tengah kejadian atau melakukan sesuatu pada saat
tertentu di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) + Verb 1-ing
(+) Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) + Verb 1-ing
Subject
(S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) + Verb 1-ing
(-) Subject
(S) (You, They, We ) + to be (were) + not + Verb 1-ing
Subject
(S) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) + not + Verb 1-ing
(?) To be
(were) + Subject (S) (You, They, We ) + Verb 1-ing ?
To be (was) +
Subject (S) (I,He, She, It) + Verb 1-ing ?
Contoh:
(+) Chef Billy
was cooking a fried rice.
(-) Chef Billy
was not cooking a fried rice.
(?) Was Chef
Billy cooking a f ried rice?
·
Past Perfect menyatakan ide bahwa sesuatu yang
terjadi sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu terjadi . Hal ini juga dapat
menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It)+ had + Verb 3
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It)+ had + Verb 3
(-)
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not +
Verb 3
(?) Had +
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 3?
Contoh:
(+) We had
arrived at the school.
(-) We had
not arrived at the school
(?) Had we
arrived at the school?
·
Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk
menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang dimulai di masa lalu dan terus sampai waktu lain
di masa lalu.
RUMUS
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + been + Verb-ing
(+) Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + been + Verb-ing
(-) Subject
(S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not + been + Verb-ing
(?) Had +
Subject (S) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + been + Verb-ing?
Contoh:
(+) Lea and
Bob had been working together since 1990.
(-) Lea and
Bob had not been working together since 1990.
(?) Had Lea
and Bob been working together since 1990?
Ø
Future Tense (Waktu yang Akan Datang)
- Simple Future Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus :
(+) S +
Will/Shall + V1 + O + ANA
(-) S +
Will/Shall + not + V1 + O + ANA
(?)
Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ANA
(+) I will
make a cake tomorrow.
(-) I will
not make a cake tomorrow.
(?) Will you
make a cake tomorrow?
- Future Continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan sedang berlangsung atau akan sedang dilakukan di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus :
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O
(-) S + will/shall + not + be +
V-ing + O
(?) Will/Shall + S + be + V-ing + O?
(+) I will be
studying grammar speaking at 08.00 am in ELFAST.
(-) I will
not be studying grammar speaking at 08.00 am in ELFAST.
(?) Will you
be studying grammar speaking at 08.00 am in ELFAST?
- Future Perfect Tense tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi atau akan telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus :
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + V3 + O +
ANA
(-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3
+ O + ANA
(?) Will/Shall + S + have + V3 + O +
ANA
(+) We shall
have arrived in School at 10.00 o’clock.
(-) We shall
not have arrived in School at 10.00 o’clock.
(?) Shall we
have arrived in School at 10.00 o’clock
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan telah sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang dimasa lampau.
Rumus :
(+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been +
V-ing + O + ANA
(-) S + will/shall + not + have +
been + V-ing + O + ANA
(?) Will/Shall + S + have + been +
V-ing + O + ANA ?
(+) She will
have been studying for a while when you come here.
(-) She will
not have been studying for a while when you come here.
(?) Will she
have been studying for a while when you come here?
Ø
Past Future (Akan datang di waktu lampau)
- Simple Past Future Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi atau dilakukan secara berulang-ulang atau sudah menjadi kebiasaan di masa lampau, penggunaan kata “would” dalam kalimat biasanya menunjukkan bahwa pembicara ingin sesuatu itu terjadi di masa depan, yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin menjadi kenyataan.
Rumus :
(+) S + Would/Should + V1 + O + ANA
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + V1 + O
+ ANA
(?) Would/Should + S + V1 + O + ANA
(+) They will
go home soon.
(-) They will
not go home soon.
(?) Would
they go home soon?
- Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau.
Rumus :
(+) S + Would/Should + Be + V-ing +
O + ANA
(-) S + Would/Should + Not + Be +
V-ing + O + ANA
(?) Would/Should + S + Be + V-ing +
O + ANA
(+) My mother
would be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday morning.
(-) My mother
would not be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday morning.
(?) Would my
mother be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday morning?
- Past Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sudah selesai pada waktu lampau atau menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syaratnya sudah pasti tidak akan terpenuhi.
Rumus :
(+) S + Would/Should + Have + V3 + O
+ ANA
(-) S + Would/Should+ Not + Have +
V3 + O + ANA
(?) Would/Should + S + Have + V3 + O
+ ANA
(+) She would
have come here if she had called him.
(-) She
wouldn’t have come here if she had not called him.
(?) would she
have come here if she had called him ?
·
Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan
atau peristiwa yang akan sedang berlangsung.
Rumus :
(+) S +
Would/Should + Have + Been + V-ing + O + ANA
(-) S +
Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + V-ing + O + ANA
(?)
Would/Should + S + Have + Been + V-ing + O + ANA
(+) My
boyfriend would have been giving flower at this hour yesterday morning.
(-) My
boyfriend would not have been giving flower at this hour yesterday morning.
(?) Would
your boyfriend have been giving flower at this hour yesterday morning?
3. Subject and verb agreement
- Hal yang penting dikarenakan berhubungan dengan penyusunan sebuah kalimat dan pengungkapan. Dua atau lebih subjek yang dihubungkan oleh “and” berarti berbentuk plural. Kecuali untuk subjek “every” dan “each.” Jika terdapat kalimat yang subject-nya memakai Each / Every, maka verb yang digunakan adalah verb singular.
Ø
either” dan “neither” memiliki
fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause)
dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan
“neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative
sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”,
“auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).
Either
- I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
- We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either
- You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either
Neither
- I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali
- He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.
- He manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
Ø Gerund
adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang digunakan tetapi fungsinya berubah sebagai kata
benda (Noun). atau dapat juga dikatakan bahwa gerund adalah kata kerja yang
dibendakan (Verbal Noun). Bentuk dari Gerund adalah: VERB 1 + ING
- Swimming is good service.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- My favorite activity is reading.
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